The Millennium Development Goals consist of quantitative goals to be achieved within a certain period of time, especially the issue of poverty reduction by 2015. These are drawn from the 'Millennium Declaration’ and Indonesia is one of the 189 signatory countries in September 2000.

Eight Millennium Development Goals also explain the objectives of human development, which can also directly impact the extreme poverty eradication. Each goal consists of the MDG’s targets that have a minimum limit of achievement that must be met by Indonesia in 2015. This book contains just a picture of the eight Millennium Development goals, achievements and challenges to meet the 18 targets in Indonesia.

Achieving MDG’s goals by 2015 requires coordination, cooperation and commitment from all stakeholders, especially governments (national and local), civil society, academia, media, private sector and donor community. Together, these groups will ensure that progress has been achieved, spread evenly across Indonesia. Indonesian government still holds its commitment to report progress in the realization of the MDG’s.

Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunge

Target 1: Reduce by half the population living below the extreme poverty line to 50%
Target 2: Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

The Current Situation

The Indonesian government is committed to achieving the first goal of MDGs. In 1990, 15.1% of the Indonesia’s population was in extreme poverty. The amount at that time reached 27 million people. Currently, the proportion is 7.5%, or nearly 17 million people. At the national level, with a stronger effort, Indonesia will be able to halve the proportion of people who suffer from poverty and hunger by 2015. Nevertheless, there are still large differences between rich and poor regions. There are many poor rural areas, especially in the eastern region of Indonesia, which require more hard work to achieve the goal to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger goal.

The Further Action
Achieving the Goal no 1 by 2015 will only be conducted with the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders in each district and city. The poor in Indonesia need better access to get food, clean water, basic health services and education. They also need roads and other infrastructures to support economic activity, and open access to markets to sell their products. The income level of the poor in Indonesia will be increased with the increase of employment opportunities and business development. Fundamental changes need to be done on the level of policy making. Policies that pro-poverty must be developed. In the era of decentralization, the responsibility of policy making and budgeting at the local level is made by local government. Civil society and the private sector, academia and the media can also help the government with the needs of the poor through advocacy and direct involvement with policy.

Family and community groups in Indonesia should also be involved to be more active in determining and fulfilling their needs. Sustainable development must begin from the grass roots, and then move to a higher level. To help the poor to be more prosperous, they must be given adequate resources to help them grow and become prosperous.

Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education

Target 3: In 2015, all Indonesian children, both male and female, will be able to
  complete their primary education.

The Current Situation

Goal 2 is to achieve universal primary education for all by 2015. This means that all children, both male and female, will be able to complete their primary education. The Indonesian Government is committed to meet this target with the 9-year compulsory education program. This policy has been proven to improve access to primary education. However, many school age children across the country that have not been able to complete their elementary school. Even in rural areas, school dropout rate can reach 8.5%. The quality of education in Indonesia still needs to be improved and education management is also not so good.

The Further Action
For Goal 2 to be achieved, all stakeholders across the country, including central and local governments, civil society organizations, the general public, academics, private sector and the media need to work together to ensure that policies, strategies and programs in the future related to 9-year compulsory education program should focus on improving the access and expanding the learning opportunities to all school age children, especially those in poor areas and rural areas. Department of Education in the region also needs to improve the quality and relevance of basic education to ensure that all graduates will have the basic ability to work or continue to higher levels of education.

Education resources management system also needs to be improved, so that all the institutions associated to basic education can perform their tasks and functions more efficiently and effectively. The key upon the success the governments succeed in the 9-year compulsory education program is the involvement of parents of the students and the community leaders, and civil society organizations and the private sector. This group of stakeholders will help mobilize various resources to support the achievement of the objectives of the 9-year basic education program. In addition, opportunities also need to be expanded to private schools and educational institutions to organize community-based primary education.

Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women

Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in the level of basic education and secondary schools in Indonesia.

The Current Situation

Indonesia has achieved much progress in addressing the issue of inequality between men and women. The 9-year compulsory education program has brought positive impacts in the reduction of inequalities in education. The ratio between the participation of students, men and women, both net and gross participation have almost reached 100% at all levels of education. However, the success of this program still needs to be improved, particularly for the older age groups. There are still quite a gap and a false impression in the context of gender and role in society. This incorrect perception happens in almost all aspects of life, from the career (of equal opportunity and benefits) to representation in politics.

The proportion of women in non-agricultural employment relative stagnant, the same thing happens with the representation of women in parliament, each is still in the range of 33% and 11%.

The Further Action
The Indonesia Government is currently doing a lot of strategies to support the achievement of the third goal of MDGs. In addition to the gender program in education sector, efforts are also made to increase opportunities for women to work in non-agricultural sector and equity rewards. The women empowerment sector is an important step for achieving the MDGs third goal, including increased representation of women in the political aspects.

Although the Article 27 of 1945 Constitution guarantees human rights equality for all people of Indonesia - both men and women, many found practices that discriminate and thus trigger the occurrence of gaps, especially at the local level. This includes the implementation of local regulations that contain elements of duality that is not in accordance with the 1945 Constitution. All the stakeholders in Indonesia, including the Government, civil society, private sector, academics and the media can play a role in preventing the negative impacts of these practices, by taking a firm hold on the constitutional rights of every citizen.

Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality

Target 5: Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five.

The Current Situation

In Indonesia, per 1,000 births, 40 will die before they reach five years old. These statistics are known as Angka Kematian Balita (AKB) or The Infant Mortality Rate. The infant mortality rate in Indonesia is the highest among the other ASEAN countries. Nevertheless, Indonesia has actually reached the fourth goal of MDGs. Our job now is to ensure that Indonesia's children get their constitutional rights. Article No. 23 on Child Protection states that every child has the right to obtain health services and social security according to their physical, psychological and social needs. One third of the infant deaths in Indonesia occur within the first month after birth, 80% of them occur during the first week of life. The main causes of death are acute respiratory infections, diarrhea and birth complications. Besides the main causes, some infectious diseases such as meningitis, typhus and encephalitis are also quite often the causes of infant mortality.

The Further Action

The National Programme for Indonesian Children made the issue of the death of babies and young children as one of the most important parts. The program is part of the Indonesian Children's Vision 2015, a movement that involves all segments of society, from government, the private sector to academia and civil society. Together, these groups try to improve the quality of health and welfare of babies and children under 5. In addition to promoting healthy living for children and improving the quality of and access to comprehensive health services, part of the Goal no 4 is to increase the proportion of births assisted by trained personnel, so to expect changes in the behavior of the community to more actively seek health services, especially for young children and children under 5.

Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health

Target 6: Reduce to the three-quarters of its level of Maternal Mortality in Indonesia

The Current Situation

The risk of maternal death because of the birth process in Indonesia is 1 death in every 65 births. Each year 20,000 deaths estimated to occur because of maternal complications during childbirth and during pregnancy. Maternal Mortality is calculated based on the number of deaths per 100,000 births. The main causes of maternal death in Indonesia are haemorrhage, eclampsia, which causes high blood pressure during pregnancy, abortion’s complications, infection and complications during the birth. Although Indonesia does not yet have good data collection system to obtain information on Maternal Mortality in Indonesia, experts estimate that the Maternal Mortality in Indonesia in 1992 is 425. More than a decade later, the figures changed to 307 per 100,000 live births. Based on this rate, the effort required is much bigger to achieve the Goal no 5. In addition, special attention must be given to poor regions, especially in the eastern part of Indonesia, where many areas still have the highest maternal mortality rate in Indonesia, and also because this area has a  very limited infrastructure.

The Further Action

Which is required by the mother is improving access to quality health services for mothers and children, especially during and immediately after birth. In addition to improving the health service, changes in the behavior of the people most vulnerable to maternal mortality must also be done. This includes increasing family knowledge about health status and nutrition, as well as notification about the range and the types of services they can use. The government also needs to improve the monitoring system to achieve MDG 5. Improved data collection system, particularly the management aspects and the flow of information, especially basic health infrastructure data, and coordination between related institutions with the donor community also needs to be improved to avoid overlap and unnecessary activities, so the increase in maternal health can be achieved more effectively and efficiently.

Goal 6: Combat HIV / AIDS and other infectious diseases

Target 7: Halt and begin to reverse the tendency of HIV / AIDS spread in Indonesia.
Target 8: Halt and begin to reverse tendency of malaria and other diseases spread in Indonesia.

The Current Situation

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a disease caused by HIV (the Human Immunodeficiency Virus). HIV can damage the immune system against disease and infection, which can cause death. Treatment with Anti Retro Viral (antiretroviral drugs) can hamper the development of AIDS, and increase the patience health. But these drugs can not cure HIV, because they have not yet found a cure for HIV and AIDS. HIV spread through sexual contact and through infected. Since first discovered in 2007, the number of the cases continues to increase. Until March 2007 nearly 8,988 cases of AIDS and 5,640 HIV cases are reported. According to some experts, this amount is only a small part of the whole people who has been infected by HIV/AIDS. The groups with the highest risk for this disease are commercial sex workers and their clients, and injection drug users. In addition, awareness and knowledge of the truth about HIV and AIDS also remain a major issue in Indonesia. More than one third of women and one fifth of men have never heard about HIV / AIDS at all. When this trend does not change, it is estimated that more than one million Indonesian people will be infected by 2010. Other diseases that also come to the attention of MDG 6 are malaria and Tuberculosis (TB). Each year it is estimated that there are 18 million cases of malaria and more than 520 thousand cases of TB.

The Further Action

The Government efforts to combat HIV / AIDS was conducted by the National AIDS Commission (NAC), which is a national body formed to support the implementation of the campaign and the provision of correct information about HIV / AIDS, the spreads and what can be done by each person to avoid and protect themselves from being infected by the disease. NAC also form a community to understand how to live together with People Living with HIV / AIDS and to remain a productive life. The efforts to increase the monitoring and health facilities improvement and care for People Living with HIV / AIDS also need to be done. Every citizen can help stop the HIV spread by reducing the risk of transmission by doing safe sexual practices and using condoms regularly. Campaign on the Roll Back Malaria and the DOTS is one of the periodic efforts which made to combat Malaria and Tuberculosis.

Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into policies and programs of Indonesian government, and reverse loss of resource.
Target 10: Reduce by half of the proportion of Indonesian people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Target 11: Achieve significant improvement in lives of slum dwellers.

The Current Situation

Between 1985 and 1997, deforestation rate in Kalimantan, Maluku, Papua, Sulawesi and Sumatra is 1.8 million hectares per year. The main threat to the rainforests of Indonesia is illegal logging in protected forests. In the era of decentralization and regional autonomy, more forests are exploited, illegal logging is more rampant and boundaries of so-protected areas were not concerned anymore. The main cause is the weak law supremacy and the lack of understanding and knowledge about the long-term development goals and the biosphere protection.

• Water - The water quality distributed by PDAM that is distributed to the community does not fulfill the conditions of safe drinking water according to the Ministry of Health. This is primarily due to the quality of network distribution and care which then caused the contamination.
• Sanitation - Based on the latest data available, the community access in general to sanitation facilities is 68%. However, sanitation does not seem to be the main development priorities, from the national, regional, legislative bodies and the private sector. This is visible from a relatively small budget available for sanitation.

The Further Action
The access and the availability of information on natural resources and environment are the aspects that need improvement. This kind of programs can help enrich the knowledge and insight of group of people who live in the rural and remote areas about the importance of environmental protection. It is also necessary to promote health and hygiene, so that people will understand more about the importance of clean water and can actively participate to maintain and take care of the clean water facilities that exist. Campaign on the importance of sanitation also needs to be done to the government, policy makers and legislative body, including to the community. Investment and a greater priority are needed to improve access to clean water and sanitation services to people all around Indonesia.

Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development

Target 12: Develop an open, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory financial and trading system.
Target 13: Overcome the special issues from the least-developed countries. This include free access and tariff-free quota for their exports, enhanced debt  relief for heavily indebted poor countries , cancellation of official bilateral debt, and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction.
Target 14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island countries.
Target 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term.
Target 16: Work with developing countries to develop decent and productive work for young people.
Target 17: In cooperation with the Pharmaceutical Company, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.
Target 18: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communication technology.

Goal  no 8 contains actions that must be done by the developed countries to developing countries to achieve Goal no 1 to Goal no 7. Monterrey Consensus - which is the outcome of the International Conference on Financing for Development in 2002 - is seen as a key to Goal no 8. The main points from the consensus are the freedom of trade, the flow of private funds, debt, domestic resource mobilization and grants for development. Based on the fact that a public health investment is a non-profit investment, the grants become important, especially in the health sector.